Liberal Party's Split of 1886 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Liberal Party's Split of 1886 - Essay Example The 'classes', by which he signified 'the dukes ... the assistants ... the Established ministry ... the officials of the military, or ... various different groups of entirely good individuals', were against the 'majority', the rest of the populace. His point was that in all issues: where the main and deciding thought that should prompt an end are truth, equity, and mankind, there, men of their word, all the world over, I will back the majority against the classes. (Matthew 1999, 348-9) However, Gladstone confronted a tough assignment for a wide range of reasons were making a significant number of the beforehand Liberal voters go without or even to turn out and vote against them. Recollections of Gordon and hostile to Catholic partiality ejected all through the nation, while his red hot talk, as in Liverpool, may have frightened away the same number of balloters as it supported. The principle issue for Gladstone and his companions was that there were two Liberal gatherings to decide in favor of in 1886. The MPs who had restricted Gladstone in the Commons made no mystery of their resistance to him in broad daylight, and these 'Liberal Unionists' really framed a discretionary settlement with the Conservatives; when the decisions were over yonder were seventy-eight of them in the House of Commons. The Conservative Party itself did quite well, making sure about 314 seats, while the Gladstonian Liberals trailed well behind them, being decreased to only 181 MPs. Not even Parnell's Irish Nationalists, with eighty-five seats, could have any kind of effect to the general perceived leverage in this Parliament. 'The annihilation', Gladstone sadly recorded in his journal 'is a raving success'. (Matthew 1990, 585) On 30 July he offered his acquiescence to the Queen. The fundamental reason for this deplorable split in the Liberal Party has been for quite some time discussed. (Searle 1992, 1-5) Gladstone himself accepted, and students of history have since quite a while ago kept up, that it spoke to a ' revolt of the Whigs'. (Magnus 1954, 245) by and large terms any reasonable person would agree that the greater part of the blue-blooded 'Whig' components in the gathering abandoned Gladstone now over the Irish inquiry, while most of the white collar class Radicals remained faithful to him notwithstanding it. In any case, it has all the more as of late been focused on that some happier 'Whig' individuals from the Liberal Party had been giving indications of dissatisfaction with it since the hour of Gladstone's first service. It is additionally evident that some 'moderate' Liberals, including a portion of the individuals who may be considered 'happier', stayed faithful to Gladstone even as of now, while, then again, one of the pioneers of the revolt was Joseph Chamberlain, the exemplification of white collar class radicalism. Regardless, it doesn't appear to make a difference definitely: enough voters had abandoned Gladstone to give the Conservatives a general larger part in the Commons and set Lord Salisbury back into office, even without the Liberal Unionists' help. It was the Conservatives who were to command British legislative issues until the twentieth century. (Pugh 2002, 7-8) When Gladstone surrendered as head administrator in 1886 he had no aim of

Satire and Fantasy in Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay -- Kurt Vonne

Parody and Fantasy in Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle For this article, I chose to pick two terms that portray Cat's Cradle. I felt that parody and dream were two terms that fit the novel very well. The book qualifies as a parody since it makes a joke of things that were of worry in the sixties. For instance, the Cuban rocket emergency was a major issue in the mid sixties. Religion was paid attention to substantially more, and the nuclear family was all the more firmly twisted. In the novel, the danger comes not from a huge warhead, yet from a little precious stone of Ice-nine. Religion is satired in Bokononism, which is a religion that depends on lies. The nuclear family is satired by the Hoenikkers. The dad is disconnected from the real world, the sister is a goliath, and the sibling is a dwarf. The Cuban danger is additionally ridiculed by San Lorenzo and it's tyrant Papa Monzano. Feline's Cradle likewise has numerous components of imagination woven all through. A little precious stone that can freeze water and can crush the world and must be halted by a temperature of 114 degrees is a genuine case of the dream component in the novel. It gives the story a practically cutting edge feel, despite the fact that by present day gauges the book is dated. Jonah's entire experience is suggestive of legendary stories. He excursions to a distant land, San Lorenzo. He is called to experience by Newt's letter. He finds an otherworldly charm, Ice-nine. He begins to look all starry eyed at the lovely lady, Mona. The religion of Bokononism has a dream component to it. Johnson changes his name to Bokonon much like in Buddhism. There are on the whole the works in the Books of Bokonon, and the Boko-maru which are both awesome thoughts in themselves. Feline's Cradle contains numerous components of numerous kinds of classes. It could be consider... ...t has no genuine inspiration, and for what reason should he when he will be dealt with by Angela for an amazing remainder. I like Newt since he doesn't feel frustrated about himself, and treats everything unassumingly and as though it is self-evident, Isn't everyone [self-taught]? Newt seems, by all accounts, to be an individual who couldn't care less what every other person thinks and consistently endeavors to be a person. I imagine that the parody alone in Cat's Cradle is sufficient to urge mankind to improve a world. Vonnegut causes things to appear to be entertaining in the book that truly are not clever, in actuality, for example, a nuclear bomb, a dad who overlooks his kid and every other person, and an island where individuals are hung for rehearsing a specific religion. The book is diverting, yet it made me consider what the world would resemble in the event that it truly was that way. It would be ghastly, and certainly nothing to giggle at.

Real Oxbridge Interview Questions Answered Music

Real Oxbridge Interview Questions Answered Music The OE Blog Although it is sometimes thought of at school level as one of the less academic subjects, when it comes to Oxbridge, music is just as challenging and intellectual a course as any other. This can often lead prospective interviewees to feel extremely anxious about their interview, as they are often unsure what form it will take and what kind of discussion will be expected of them. This week’s real Oxbridge interview question, from interviewer Dan Grimley at Merton College, Oxford, should put nervous candidates’ minds at rest! “If you could invent a new musical instrument, what kind of sound would it make?” Use Your Imagination On the Oxford University website where this question is published, Grimley acknowledges how open-ended it is, and explains that he is looking for imagination and critical thought, rather than a single ‘right’ answer. So don’t be afraid to show your imaginative range â€" music is a creative subject and there are unlikely to be many absolute right and wrong answers in your interview. Some candidates, when they get very nervous, feel that they have to speak in very academic terms and suppress their creative flair. So remember to open up, be brave and let your imagination take the subject to new and different levels. Don’t be afraid to suggest any ideas you have, even if they might sound zany or unusual! Go Back to Basics A great technique for almost any Oxbridge interview is to start from the most basic knowledge you have that relates to the question and then build up a response from there. This technique is very effective for two reasons â€" it helps you to stay calm under pressure, giving you time to work out a strong, sensible answer backed up by evidence, and it also allows you to showcase your range of knowledge and thought processes to the interviewer. So even if you don’t end up with a perfect solution, you have showed your ability to use your musical knowledge to reason and try to find a solution to the question and demonstrated your competence with simpler concepts along the way. In this case, it would be worthwhile starting by considering the types of sounds made by voices and existing instruments, and perhaps talking about the range of tone and quality of these sounds before moving on to consider how some of these existing sounds might be altered or extended to create a new one. Think Outside the (Opera) Box The website stresses that interviewees are encouraged to respond with examples of all kinds of music, not just classical instruments and styles. It is a very common mistake to assume that just because Oxbridge is old and prestigious, it will also be stuffy and pretentious. Tutors will be interested to hear about your own musical interests and influences, so don’t hold back from discussing a broad and eclectic range of styles, including modern music. Showing that you are able to embrace and appreciate a whole range of musical styles from across different genres and time periods should impress interviewers and demonstrate your eagerness to learn about the full spectrum of the course.

Reflection Health Care Assistant - 805 Words

REFLECTIVE PRACTICE Reflective assignment 2 Introduction The purpose of this essay is to reflect on my personal role in the inter-professional team and the delivery of healthcare that I have encountered during my duty as a health care assistant in one of the hospitals here in England. In accordance with the NMC (2002) Code of professional conduct, confidentiality shall be maintained and all names have been changed to protect identity. The purpose of reflection as stated by Johns (1995) is to promote desirable practice through the practitioners understanding and learning about his/her lived experiences. I have decided to reflect upon an incident with the nurse in charge in one of my shifts and in order to structure my reflection I†¦show more content†¦However my concern for the patient’s health and the feeling that it was the right thing to do prevailed for me to tell the nurse in charge the correct oxygen saturation of the patient. Personal Carper (1978) described the personal as being concerned with the knowing, encountering and actualization of the individual self. My personal response was that I was grateful to have worked with a senior health care assistant and a nurse in chargeShow MoreRelatedReflection Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesmonth of my Foundation Degree Assistant Practitioner course. It will explore the importance of communication amongst the health care professionals and how a good nursing documentation is an integral part of nursing. It will also demonstrate how reflection enabled me to make sense of and learn from this experience, as well as identify any further learning developments needed to improve my practice and achieve the level of competency needed for when I qualify as an assistant practitioner. While discussingRead MorePhysical Therapy Assistant: Job Description853 Words   |  3 PagesPhysical therapy assistant Job description A physical therapy assistant works under the supervisory arm of a physical therapy to provide physical treatment that helps to improve the mobility of their patients and to relieve their pain and disability which is caused by injury or disease. Together with their superiors, the physical therapy assistant works in a hospital, nursing home or clinic and they form part of the team of health care experts which also includes doctors, nurses, and occupationalRead MoreApplication Of The Principles Of Primary Health Care997 Words   |  4 PagesThis individual reflection on the group work will present how I have seen the application of the principles of Primary Health Care (PHC) through the roles of the community health workers (CHW) in making health care more accessible. In addition, some strategies will be suggested to address the critical bottlenecks that hinder the effectiveness of the CHWs. Having the experience of working as a District Health Officer, this reflection will highlight most significant areas that I feel require attentionRead MoreReflection Personal Development Plan1163 Words   |  5 PagesReflection- Personal Development Plan Reflection is a major factor in developing self-awareness to improve services provided to everyone around me, this is to develop my own understanding in realising the good and bad made previously. Moving forward with a better understanding, as well as rectifying the mistake whilst recognising the good points, (Horton-Deutsch and Sherwood, 2008). Ordinarily whilst working in a domiciliary setting and visiting vulnerable adults within their homesRead MoreDescription of a Physical Therapy Assistant975 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical Therapy Assistant: Job Description Physical therapy assistant is a health care professional who provides physical therapy services based on the direction and supervision of a licensed physical therapy assistant. This professional helps individuals of all ages who have medical issues and health-related conditions that restrict their ability to move and carry out functional activities in daily life. A physical therapy assistant can work in various settings such as private practices, hospitalsRead MoreReflection1218 Words   |  5 PagesReflection on your personal development Reflection is a major factor in developing self-awareness to improve services provided to everyone around me, this is to develop my own understanding in realising the good and bad made previously. Moving forward with a better understanding, as well as rectifying the mistake whilst recognizing the good points, (Horton-Deutsch and Sherwood, 2008). Working in a domiciliary setting and visiting vulnerable adults within their homes, I am constantly tryingRead MoreReflection Of Risk Assessment Learning Contract1131 Words   |  5 Pages Reflection of Risk Assessment Learning Contract In this essay, I will focus on a particular risk to a service user at the workplace. This risk will recognised in the risk assessment tool used to minimise the trigger and harm to the patients, which is very efficient. Furthermore, deal with resource of the patients and carers. I will also mention the experience that I discourse about on learning contract regarding medication error which involves risk assessment. This will ensure the care professionalRead MoreConference Chair For The Asian American Student Union931 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout my remaining of my college career. *Volunteer/Care Coordinator – Mobile Outreach The Mobile Outreach Clinic is a traveling bus that delivers health care to the medically underserved population of Gainesville. My duties as a volunteer include conducting health screenings, recording vitals, acting as a scribe for the health care providers during examinations, and providing patient education. I follow up with patients post-appointment during â€Å"Care Coordination† sessions in which I asked about symptomsRead MorePersonal Statement : Becoming A Nurse1150 Words   |  5 Pagesage of sixteen. Being so young and growing up without the care of my parents, it was always said I, too, would end up in a rough situation and not be able to care for my child being so young myself. I continued out my days and nights being a high school teen mom. I graduated from high school in three years by attending night school while I was pregnant; allowing me to finish school sooner and obtain a better job that would allow me to take care of my son. At the age of 19, just after beginning collegeRead MoreThe Health Care Delivery System Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional career requiring commitment† (p. 17). This paper will discuss the following topics: The Health Care Delivery system, Professionalism, Health Ethics, Teamwork and Collaboration, and Health Law; and how they relate to the case study, as they are critical aspects of the nursing profession and its very important to understand and apply them in my future practice. In todays’ health care delivery system, nurses are the ones who spend the majority of their time with the patient. The American

Pros Cons of the Technological Imperative - 1312 Words

The Pros and Cons of the â€Å"Technological Imperative† March 20 2011 Technological advances have been gaining more and more information over the past years and by doing so, they are able to advance their technology each and everyd ay. These improvements have helped but they also have the potential to hinder society. The Flying Machine, Locks, Computers and Why we Play God, and, Zap! It’s the Future are all written examples of how technology can be positive and how it can also be negative. The Flying machine written by Ray Bradbury, Clocks, computers and Why we Play God written by Jay Bookman and, Zap! It’s the Future written by Chris Wood, from the book ‘Passages’, 2002, are the technology pro’s and con’s that I will be commenting†¦show more content†¦The article called The Flying Machine, written by Ray Bradbury, the Emperor was not pleased with the invention of flying as he was able to foresee danger for his kingdom. â€Å"†¦who is to say that just such a man, in just such an apparatus of p aper and reed, might not fly in the sky and drop huge stones upon the Great Wall of China†, (Bradbury page 210). In the article Clocks, Computers and Why we Play God, by Jay Bookman, the author discusses that scientists are increasing the power, ability and intelligence of the computer to almost be human. â€Å" Most scientists are seeking to create some form of artificial intelligence in relatively practical, non threatening terms, (Bookman, 215). But he says that while scientists create smarter more powerful computers, they are taking power away from humans by making them smarter than humans. With the prediction of the future of biotechnology, genetics, cloning and robotics, computers will take over our species â€Å"†¦scientists could, eventually could enable the construction of the technology that may replace our species†, (Bookman, page 216). That giving computers to act like God could wreck our species In the article Zap! It’s the future, by Chris Wood, the author discuss that as scientists create things that are smaller and more efficient, they can also be harmful toShow MoreRelatedTechnology: Its Effect on Education Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesable to slack off. This idea of a class without actually having to step into classroom has both pros and cons, as many things do. One of the major pros of taking online classes is as mentioned before, flexibility. The flexibility of online classes allows for students with jobs to work around their busy schedules and still gain an education. Working at your own pace is again one of the other major pros because it allows students to learn good work ethic because most online classes do have some sortRead MoreThe United States And Canada843 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States uses more technological resources which continue to drive costs. Moreover, The United States believes the most technological use for treatment the better care for patients. However, what is significant, is that Canadians who can pay out of pocket expenses travel to America for medical treatment. Yet, more care is not necessarily better care, it is imperative that the United States improve the cost-effectiveness of care. As statics have proven more technological resources does not guaranteeRead MoreCapabilities and Potential for Cloud Storage in the Enterprise1352 Words   |  5 Pagesand limitations of cloud storage using the currently available standards, products and protocols to help validate my views. I will first explain what cloud computing and cloud storage is and how it came about, I will then go on to evaluate the pros and cons of cloud storage and how it could affect a large organisation and then finally I will use my findings and data to answer the question posed in this essay. In computing, cloud computing and as a sub component, cloud storage is a term used to describeRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is A Problem For The United States1361 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide the local economy with cost benefits as the illegal immigrants are not paid so much, while they are more fruitful. On the other hand, these illegal immigrants do not pay taxes and their employers also do not pay their taxes. There are both pros and cons of illegal immigration and this paper shall take a look at some facts pertinent to illegal immigration in the United States. â€Å"Every day thousands of illegals stream across the 2,500 miles of border with Mexico. According to the U.S. ImmigrationRead MoreTerracog Case Study Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesadvice of Vice President of Sales, Ed Pryor, hastily chose to start Project Ariel without the due diligence of consulting with key stakeholders to understand the implications of producing such a product. There was no discussion regarding the technological capabilities that Project Aerial would offer leading to a major disconnect in pricing Aerial. Furthermore, there was no consensus around the timing of implementing Project Aerial given that the product team was already working on several otherRead MoreThe Evolution of Media Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesthem to become active, and surely, the recruiting posters targeted men of all ages to fight for their country. With the end of World War II (WWII), new tensions arose along with unprecedented technological developments. The Cold War began shortly after WWII and the creation of new technology was imperative; thus the creation of the television, one of the side-noted projects during the time. Politically, the television made a huge impact especially during the first live presidential debate, in 1960Read MoreRole Of Social Media On Classroom1390 Words   |  6 Pages These sites are designed to foster collaboration and discussion. Despite these benefits, critics argue that there are serious risks to using social media in the classroom. What are these risks—and do they outweigh the potential for opportunity? PROS Educational Tool Today’s students arrive on campus, fluent in Web and social networking technologies. Educators can leverage this knowledge to enrich the learning experience. With social media, instructors can foster collaboration and discussion,Read MoreConflict Decision-Making Organizational Design: Sedgwick Claims Management Services Inc1068 Words   |  4 Pages Analysis and evaluation of the data Once the data is collected, it is analyzed and evaluated by keeping in view the reason of the problem Developing alternative solutions After that, different alternative solutions are discovered and the pros and cons of each solution are listed. Selecting the most suitable solution After discovering different solutions a single problem and listing the merits and demerits of each solution, the most suitable solution is finally adopted. Implementation ofRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Accountable Care Organizations2084 Words   |  9 Pages Jelani Mc Phee HCM 590: Health Policy Evaluation Professor: Dr. T. Christine Dedowitz-Gordon Assignment #3: Assessment of the Pros Cons of Accountable Care Organizations Saint Leo University May 22nd, 2016 Abstract The American health care system has been victim to an escalation in the prices of health care services juxtaposed with inefficiency in delivery of care services. There has even been cases where State spending on the actual health care increased dramaticallyRead MoreNucor Corporation s Making Nuclear Instruments1269 Words   |  6 Pagesscrap metal and scrap substitutes. All of its steel mills use recycled scrap metal to make steel products. 1.1 tons of scrap and scrap substitutes are required to produce 1 ton of steel. As the biggest user of scrap metal in North America, it is imperative that it gains better control over its costs of raw materials (Attachment C.) Market demand-supply conditions fluctuate significantly in the steel market, and directly drive scrap prices. Scrap and scrap substitute price averages increased by 57

Inflammation Is The Immune System - 902 Words

Inflammation is the immune system’s response to injury or infection. Acute inflammation is characterized by five signs, namely the redness, swelling, excessive heat, sometimes the loss of function, and mild to extreme pain. This process is the body’s attempt to protect us, to repair what was damaged and to begin its natural healing process. The symptoms will subside when that part of the body is healed. However, when inflammation persists, resulting in a progressive destruction of tissues deep inside the body, it causes serious illnesses such as multiple sclerosis, dementia, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. In the case of Alzheimer’s disease, for example, there is chronic inflammation happening in the patient’s brain. This kind of inflammation is difficult to spot because there is no normal signs of inflammation, such as pain and swelling. Fortunately, there are a multitude of biochemicals, the most famous of them are the cytokines, that are important participants in the inflammation process. For example, in the case of Alzheimer’s disease, we can use these chemicals as inflammation markers to predict cognitive decline and the development of dementia. Sugar is the culprit for most chronic illnesses. We now recognize that excess sugar molecules in the bloodstream can combine with proteins and certain fats to produce compounds, called glycation end products (AGEs), which the body does not recognize as normal. The immune response sets off inflammation reactions. ExcessShow MoreRelatedCan Depression Be Caused By Infection?878 Words   |  4 Pagesand have been linked to emotional changes in human behavior which could lead to depression or immune disorder. 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Three main theorie s35Read MoreRheumatoid Arthritis : An Autoimmune Disease1374 Words   |  6 PagesRheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and is a chronic type of arthritis that occurs in the joints. RA is autoimmune disease where the immune system is not working properly and in the case of RA involves one’s immune cells attacking healthy joint tissue. Symptoms of this condition include joint pain, joint swelling, stiffening of the joints after long periods of inactivity and/or sitting, rheumatoid nodules, flare ups and fatigue. If someone is diagnosed with RA they will have to live withRead MoreNASH Case Study1362 Words   |  6 PagesHepatocyte lipotoxicity and liver inflammation Beside hepatocyte injury and death, inflammation is another histological hallmark of NASH. The inflammation during NASH is described as sterile inflammation as the inflammatory response occurs in the absence of pathogens or external antigens.44 This sterile inflammation may be a consequence of lipid-induced hepatocyte stress, damage, and cell death. Indeed, cell death can trigger an inflammatory response by innate immune cells.6 On the other hand, a sustainedRead MoreIntroduction to Crohns Disaease and Patients Diagnosis929 Words   |  4 Pagesdigestive system anywhere from the oral cavity to the anus. The disease has no known cure but once the disease begins it proceeds to vary between periods of inactivity (remission) and activity (relapse). The cause of crohn’s disease is unknown but from research it is suspected that infections by certain bacterium could contribute to the disease. The activation of the immune system in the intestines is seen to be of importance to patien ts with crohn’s. The immune system causes inflammation within theRead MoreCrohns Disease is Inflammation in the Digestive System Essay709 Words   |  3 Pagesbowel disease that causes inflammation in the digestive system. The cause of the disease is unknown. The inflammation is due to the immune system attacking the healthy cells throughout the body’s gastrointestinal tract. The exact causes of Crohn’s disease remain unknown, but most believe that factors that contribute to the disease may include genetics, immune system, environment, etc. The immune system does play an important role in causing Crohn’s disease. The immune system protects the body from infectionRead MoreCytokines : Causes And Complications Of The Policiune System1156 Words   |  5 Pagesincluding the innate and adaptive responses of the immune system (Steinke 2013, Sacca 2017, Dinarello 2000). They regulate these responses by performing a multitude of important functions in the cells of the body, and lead to growth, differentiation and activation in their targets (Steinke 2013). Each cytokine family fulfills one or many specific roles in the immune system, for example the stimulation of lymphocyte growth or the promotion of inflammation (Steinke 2013, Sacca 2017). Pro-inflammatory cytokinesRead MoreInnate Immune System1742 Words   |  7 Pagesrespiration, wound healing, DNA synthesis, cell division, and immune function (Bonaventura et al., 2015). For as many essential functions Zn is necessary for it also has the potential to interact with at least as many biological functions to induce adverse effects (Maret and Sandstead, 2006). For these reasons Zn deficiency and toxicity is linked to a number of diseases and particularly immune diseases affecting both the innate and adaptive immune systems (Bonaventura et al., 2015, Maares and Haase, 2016).ThereforeRead MoreHow The Human Body Can Be Understood As An Ecologically Diverse Landscape1431 Words   |  6 Pagesgenes may or may not influence how our immune system functions, and what kinds pathogenic cells it may be predisposed to respond to. Studies on Crohn’s disease, for example, have found evidence showing that there may be genetic implications to the disease, more specifically havin g to do with innate immunity and how microbes respond to pathogens. Defective mucosal barriers may lead to inadequate management of the immune response, causing excess inflammation and tissue damage. Particularly, Crohn’sRead MoreThe Effect Of Prostaglandins On The Inflammation Pathway And The Mechanism Of Action Of Nsaids1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of prostaglandins in the inflammation pathway and the mechanism of action of NSAIDs Student ID: 51555517 Date: 11-11-2015 Inflammation is a defense reaction, whereby harmful factors are removed and tissue structure and function are restored. During the acute phase of inflammation, first neutrophils will arrive, followed by monocytes. The monocytes mature into inflammatory macrophages and will finally affect the function

Corporations and Securities Legislation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Corporations and Securities Legislation. Answer: Introduction: The Corporations Act, 2001[1] provides the rules for governance of the companies in Australia. Under section 198A(1) of this act, the business of the company is to be run on the directions of the directors of the company[2]. As a result of this, the board of the company becomes a key body. The audit committees preside over the financial functions of the company, which makes this committee, another crucial body for the company. And so, the members who form a part of the board of the company and its audit committees have to be carefully elected. An attractive pool for selection of members of these two bodies is the retired audit firm partners. The reason for deeming as an attractive pool stems from their knowledge of the companys position and also regarding their field, where they get ample exposure[3]. However, this puts a question over their autonomy and their impartial behaviour towards the company. In this regard, an independence test becomes crucial before bringing such members on board. The following discussion revolves around the need for this independence test. The financial statements of any company have to be audited in a proper manner. There is a need for the financial statements to be prepared in a manner that a true and fair position of the company is depicted. This is also important with regards to making certain that there is proper corporate governance in the company and that its capital market functions are performing in a correct manner. The validity of the financial statements is enhanced when the audit of the financial statements is done in a proper manner, which not only allows the company to make sound capital decisions, but also helps in bringing the cost of capital, down. The former audit partners are usually aware off the laws and conditions of the company and upon them joining the board, they can certainly help in the betterment of the company, and also in fulfilling the requirement covered under section 297 of this act, which requires the companys financial statements to show a fair and true view of the performance and po sition of the company for the particular period for which it has been drawn[4]. Before bringing such retired ex-audit firm members on audit committee or the board of the company, they are required to fulfil the independence criteria. A statutory requirement of the nation requires a general standard of independence to be adopted. Subdivision 3[5] of Part 2M.4[6] of this act provides the provisions for the independence requirement of a former auditor. Under this section, there has to be absence of any and all conflict of interest. This means that in any situation, such a condition should not be formed where the auditor deliberately avoids, or fails to exercise fairness and instead opt for prejudice while conducting audit. This is with a particular reference to the provisions covered under 324CD of the Corporations Act law[7]. There is also a need to fulfil the requirements of autonomy which are stated in Division 3, 4 and 5 of Part 2M.4 of this act, along with section 307C[8]. Apart from the statutory requirements, ASIC has also stated that there is a need fulfil the professional obligations in terms of the APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, Auditing Standard ASA 220 Quality Control for an Audit of a Financial Report and Other Historical Financial Information and Auditing standard ASQC 1 Quality Control for Firms that Perform Audits and Reviews of Financial Reports and Other Financial Information, and Other Assurance Engagements[9]. The independence test is deemed as a subjective one. When a person deploying logical approach infers the pertinent information in a rational way, which the person has access to, or the auditor has the access too owing to particular situation and their relationship with the other person should not lead to such a situation where the auditor acts in a prejudiced manner[10]. If there is an ounce of prejudice or bias, the independence test would not be fulfilled. There is a need for the auditor thus, to be constantly objective in mind and in appearance. The particular situation thus becomes the key aspect which is faced by the auditor and which has to be looked after, in addition to the client-auditor relationship. Where the independence test is fulfilled, the creditors and the investors, both stay positive towards the financial statements and the faith in the same is increased[11]. The independence test for the former auditors has been a matter of focus in the recent time period, particularly when they gain a seat on the audit committee or the board of the company, which had been their client. Owing to this, some serious issues have been identified by certain set of stakeholders, which mostly relate to the contravention of autonomy by such auditors. Where such a violation occurs, the autonomy of the company is affected, along with that of the audit form. This is because the former auditor of the firm goes on to join the audit client[12]. Such former audit partners have the influencing power over the audit firm, and this can lead to a pressure on the firm to do something which is not right for their audit, just to put the financial position of the company, in a better light. This not only dupes the stakeholders of the company, but also put the audit firm in question. There can also be an ignorance of due diligence and undue use of information of the company or o f the other firms in which the former auditor conducted audits, to favour the company in which they become the board member or the audit committee member[13]. Hence, it can be concluded that there is a need for independence test to be adopted strictly, particularly when the former audit firm member joins the board of the company, or its audit committee. This is necessary for upholding the interests of the different stakeholder associated with the company, along with fulfilling the statutory requirements. Bibliography Bottomley PS, The Constitutional Corporation: Rethinking Corporate Governance (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2013) CCH Australia Limited, Australian Corporations Securities Legislation 2011: Corporations Act law 2001, ASIC Act 2001, related regulations (CCH Australia Limited, 2011) Clarke F and Dean G, Indecent Disclosure: Gilding the Corporate Lily (Cambridge University Press, 2007) Plessis JJD, Hargovan A and Bagaric M, Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2010) Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) ASIC, Auditor independence and audit quality (2014) https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/financial-reporting-and-audit/auditors/auditor-independence-and-audit-quality/ Guy DM, and Zeff SA, Retired Audit Firm Partners on Boards: Independence Considerations (2017) https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sazeff/PDF/Guy-Zeff-Feb02DM.pdf